The Evaluation of Five Websites About Cloning Based on...

The Evaluation of five Websites about Cloning based on their Credibility and support by peer-reviewed Articles Introduction Ever since the birth of the first cloned sheep, named Dolly, the dream of human cloning has existed (Van Dijck, 1999). Cloning a mammal is described as the manipulation of an animal or human cell in order to create an identical copy of that animal’s or human’s nucleic DNA (Andrews, 1997). Though the dream of a human clone also comes with a lot of controversy regarding ethics and morals. Embryotic stem cell research, which could lead to a renewable source of human tissue, cells and eventually entire organs (Bowring, 2004), is highly controversial due to the necessity of placing a cloned embryo into a woman’s body†¦show more content†¦The website also elaborates on the history of animal cloning as it lists all animals that have successfully been cloned before, which includes: tadpole, sheep, goats, cows, mice, pigs, cats, rabbits, and a gaur. Furthermore it discusses the implication of cloned organs as transplants and touches up on the risk o f cloning. The ethical side of cloning is also discussed shortly. Even though the website is not a peer-reviewed journal or article and does not provide proper references, it provides accurate, though old, information about cloning. The information specified can be backed up by a peer-reviewed article (Bowring, 2004), but as references are missing this website does not qualify as a highly suitable website. Furthermore the information given is moderately old, as for example; the list of cloned animals misses to mention the cloning of a dog, which was successfully achieved in 2005 (Levine, 2009). Proper referencing and peer reviewing could have helped to make this website more credible but with those factors missing the â€Å"Cloning Fact Sheet† website only qualifies as a moderately proper website and is therefore ranked as number 3. 4. â€Å"Health Canada - Human Cloning† The article †Human Cloning† on the â€Å"Health-Canada† website explains the issues surrounding therapeutic and reproductive human cloning. Additionally it introduces someShow MoreRelatedCloud Computing Security67046 Words   |  269 Pagescloudsecurityalliance.org/guidance/csaguide.v2.1.pdf (version 2 guidance) http://www.cloudsecurityalliance.org/guidance/csaguide.v1.0.pdf (version 1 guidance) In a departure from the second version of our guidance, each domain was assigned its own editor and peer reviewed by industry experts. The structure and numbering of the domains align with industry standards and best practices. We encourage the adoption of this guidance as a good operating practice in strategic management of cloud services. These white papersRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 PagesMarketing Management, 14e (Kotler/Keller) Chapter 1 Defining Marketing for the 21st Century 1) Which of the following statements about marketing is true? A) It is of little importance when products are standardized. B) It can help create jobs in the economy by increasing demand for goods and services. C) It helps to build a loyal customer base but has no impact on a firms intangible assets. D) It is more important for bigger organizations than smaller ones. E) It is seldom used by nonprofitRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagestruth is out there, and we can objectively know it Philosophical disputes around the role of the subjective in science Epistemological and ontolological disputes: how can we ever know the ‘truth’ and is there an ‘out there’? A few words of warning about the term postmodernism Overview of the structure and rationale of the book Chapter summaries Chapter 2: Modernist organization theory: back to the future? Chapter 3: Neo-modernist organization theory: putting people first? Chapter 4: Neo-modernist

Greek Religion Ancient Greeks - 1704 Words

Ancient Greeks worshipped lots of different gods. They believed many gods appeared in human form and were provided with superhuman strength. The Greeks usually worshipped in sanctuaries located within the city or the country. A sanctuary was a well-defined sacred space set apart usually by an enclosure wall. They also worshipped in temples. Temples benefited from their natural surroundings, helping the expression of character divinities. The Greeks also had a Christian Orthodox church they used. The Greek religion had a total of twelve gods, each representing a certain aspect of human behavior. Religion was always present. The Greeks had rituals, myths, and temples with the beliefs being widespread so the Greek government could function. Each god did a different thing, with different powers. Each were always needed, and their powers were always necessary. They usually all got along unless one was made mad. Greek religion was combinations of old Minoan beliefs. To some extent always remained familiar but its far from easy understanding. The Greeks thought of their religion as unique and unrepeatable. They believed that after death, a soul went on a journey to a place called the underworld (â€Å"Everyday life, Beliefs, and Myths†). If the soul went to the underworld the god of death would cut off a lock of your hair as you died. Hermes, the messenger god, would then lead you to the river, Styx. If your body was once buried the ferryman god would deliver you across the river.Show MoreRelatedGreek Religion : Ancient Greece1601 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough Greek religion is no longer popular because of it s diversity compared to religion today, it had a great standing back in Ancient Greece; Many aspects played a role in creating it s foundation such as the deities, worship and rituals, and mystics and oracles. Greek religion was considered polytheistic for it s belief in many gods and they were called upon during everyday trials and tribulations, providing their wisdom and guidance. The deities depicted in Greek mythology had strangeRead MoreAncient Greek Religion Essay1869 Words   |  8 PagesAncient Greek Religion: Mycenaean to Classical Period Ancient Greece has been a religion- centered culture since the earliest period of habitation in Greece, the Pre-Mycenaean/Mycenaean period. Also through to the Dark Ages to the Classical period. It is a religiously centered civilization, and did have significant changes in the how it was incorporated into people’s daily lives. Religion is important to know about the Ancient Greeks because through it we are able to understand how they lived theirRead MoreAncient Greek And Roman Religion Essay1060 Words   |  5 PagesThe ancient Greek and Roman religion was the belief in God. They had similar views, but also some differences. It composed of many meaningful Gods and Goddesses that played the part in the everyday life of the average Roman and the Greek citizen. Before going into their beliefs and many strange legends, we must consider what kind of beings these divinities were. From history, there’s the first dynasty that consisted of the origin of the world, Uranus and Ge. The ancient Greeks had several theoriesRead MoreAncient Greek Religion And Ancient Greece1955 Words   |  8 PagesThough Ancient Greece was made up of many different regions and colonies, these 3 things were almost always in view. The ancient Greeks worshiped many different gods and goddesses that each controlled something in the mortal world. What was different about their gods and goddesses was that they were very human like. They looked like mortals, had thoughts like mortals, and they even quarreled with each other like we do. Ancient Greek religion is also known as Greek Mythology, Classical Religion, andRead MoreEssay on Ancient Greek and Mesopotamian Religions - a Comparison1501 Words   |  7 PagesAncient Religions By: MLB As civilization has progressed through the ages, many religions have arisen and taken hold around the world, two if the most interesting, being the religious beliefs of the ancient Mesopotamian and the Greeks. These two religions were practiced in different areas and at different times and, therefore, show that religion has played a critical role in every society and civilization. No matter how it is organized or what typeRead MoreHow Did The Religion Of Ancient Greeks Played A Role?1201 Words   |  5 PagesKenzay Rivers Ms. Finney How did the religion of ancient Greeks played a role in their daily lives? 10 November 2016 How did the religion of ancient Greeks played a role in their daily lives? In the ancient Greek world, religion was personal, direct, and present in its citizens’ daily lives. During this time, they participated in animal sacrifices and offerings, created myths to explain the beginning of the human race and gave reverence to their gods by building temples which controlled theRead More Classical Greek Architecture Essay1279 Words   |  6 PagesClassical Greek Architecture The reuse of older art works in contemporary times is not an uncommon occurrence, and many examples can be seen throughout the day as one goes from place to place. Even when one is browsing through the World Wide Web can many uses of older art and architecture be seen, as with the example shown. 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During this time, Greece was near the middle of its Archaic period, a period of technological, social, political, and cultural innovations. This was the period in which the first true alphabet system arose, the system which allowed Hesiod and other poets like him to record permanently the oral stories and lyrics so important to Greek culture. This was also the time in which the Greek polis emergedRead MoreAnalysis Of Neil Fraser s The Golden Age 1893 Words   |  8 PagesTheatre History Explained Neil Fraser outlines the history of theatre from Greek and Roman times, all the way through the twentieth century. Fraser makes a claim that theatre truly began in Greek culture with even the Roma’s looking upon that time as â€Å"the golden age†. â€Å"The Romans looked back on Greek theatre of circa 600BC as a golden age, and we can still make a case for the great plays of that period as having never been bettered.† (Fraser, 2004, pg.5). Some of the more important highlights of

Conservative vs. Liberal Free Essays

Conservative vs. Liberal Dimitri Khago PSY/201 Sunday, August 05, 2012 Mariah Degruy Conservatives vs. Liberals Not just as Americans but as human beings we all want the same basic things in our daily lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Conservative vs. Liberal or any similar topic only for you Order Now We all seek freedom and yearn for prosperity. We all seek for what is fair in life and not just our lives separately, but the lives of our nation’s people. We want less people to suffer as much as possible, especially our children. We all seek the best for our health being. We all want a crime free nation and crime free streets in our communities. We all want a freedom to speak and voice our opinions; yet the one major key argument is how do we achieve all of these? With all that has been going on in our nation’s economy, we begin to analyze one of the very most important, yet controversial political issue that we are facing: Liberal or Conservative? Although we are united as a whole nation, but when concerning our nation’s political policies we are very much divided. Each of us has our own beliefs and our own opinion, but the beauty of this is that this is what makes this country. This belief was instilled in our bloods from the day this great nation was formed, by our political forefathers up until now. We sometimes call these beliefs Left or Right based on the political spectrum. The political spectrum We have learned to become conservative toward the nation, our nation’s people and our nation’s policies, as well as we have learned to become liberal toward the nation, our people and our nation’s policies. Which is right you might ask, that all depends on every individuals different view and opinion to do what is right and best for them? Conservatives and Liberals differ on what they believe is correct for the government. They seek different essential needs, different government program support, different social views, and very different economic views. As humans we all seek the same basic needs to live. These needs are Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of happiness a well-known phrase from the United States Declaration of Independence. We all have the right to lead our own life in which we so choose. We all have the right to have our belief and make our own decisions and stand to our own judgments. The most important matter is that we have the right to do whatever it takes to make ourselves feel happy without harming anyone one stepping over the boundaries of others. In order to protect our individual human rights the bill of rights were established. These laws which allow the people the ability to live by these deserved rights as a human being are what distinguish us from a free person and one who is not free. If one is convicted of a felony these particular laws spoken of are no longer valid to them – the right to vote, the right to serve on a jury, and the right to bear arms are all void. Although some states are adjusting these laws to their own liking, you as a criminal are no longer privileged to take part in these opportunities because of the crime committed, they are therefore taken away from you â€Å"†¦Other states may permanently ban felons from voting even after being released from prison, parole, and probation, and having paid all their fines. †(State Felon Voting Laws). There are many programs in which our government runs, and many of these programs are the split between the conservative or the liberal side. Liberals seem to view their government better as a larger government and support those programs which make this a reality. These include many programs, but one in particular is welfare. In the eyes of a liberal, this program is looked very highly upon. It helps those in need the ability to stand on their feet and not be out on the street. Although ideally this is a great help, but nowadays in our country, many people seem to take advantage of this opportunity and cheating the rest of society who need this help. With the educational program, a liberal supports not only public schools and a higher teacher salary, but also smaller classroom for the students. They support the idea that the classrooms should not be thirty-plus children, but also smaller more controlled environment† Vouchers take money away from public schools. † (Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs. ). Now if you were to ask a conservative about education, they believe in the art of competition â€Å"School vouchers create competition and therefore encourage schools to improve performance. (Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs. ). Schools should be all private so that they compete with lower costs and the parents have the opportunity to decide where they want their child to attend, and what kind of education they want for their child. Another program a conservative strongly believes in is canceling all the failed social support programs. Why should a country hold on to a program that is not helping anyone that is in need o f the assistance, but financially supporting those well off, and are working and supporting their own families. Although being in the twenty-first century has expanded our view upon socialistic views, conservatives feel that we should not change our ruling on marriage and that it must stay traditional between a man and a woman. Since America was founded on grounds of religious freedom, and the Bible was and is our most highly looked upon views, conservatives feel that we shall stick to these traditional views and not support the idea of abortion or embryonic stem cell research. One must not abort a child, since that is the same as murder â€Å"Abortion is the murder of a human being. † (Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs. ). One must also not participate in stem cell research since that too is destroying a life. This is where the argument comes in on the Liberal side. Liberals believe it is not up to us to decide if marriage shall stay between a man and a woman, what is so wrong with a man and man marrying or a woman and woman? Since this country was found on the principles of freedom and the rights to make our own decisions, the personal lives of Americans shall not be dictated by the government because of what they think is right. It has not yet been proven that a fetus inside a woman is a child or a fetus. The argument remains that a child is only a child when it takes its first breath, or that a child is a child when it is conceived. Shouldn’t the mother decide if she wants to give birth to this fetus? She will be bearing all the pain, so it should be her right to decide â€Å"A woman has the right to decide what happens with her body. A fetus is not a human life, so it does not have separate individual rights. † (Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs. ). Now if you can save a life wouldn’t you? If you aren’t hurting anyone or anything with embryonic stem cell research, then scientist should be able to harvest these stem cells to help a life â€Å"†¦Stem cells derived from embryos in the very earliest stages of development; these cells have long been thought by scientists to have an xtraordinary potential for alleviating the suffering caused by conditions ranging from diabetes to Alzheimer’s disease to spinal cord injury. † (Gold). Money is what runs the country, one thing these two political stances have in common are the want and need for more jobs. A conservative wants the federal government not to tax the rich as high and should spend so much less. These big businesses should get the tax breaks they want and deserve to increase and generate their revenue, so that they can stimulate and keep the economy stable and grow to be much stronger. Liberal’s on the other hand believe in quite opposite of the conservative behalf they believe that the rich should be taxed more than the poor since they can afford to pay a little extra money in order to have a greater government â€Å"The less government we have, the more liberty we have. † (Amy). They also approach with saying that these big businesses should be taxed more and pay a larger amount of income tax from their profits to help support and provide for Medi-Cal, Medic-Aid, and Welfare. In conclusion regardless on which of side of the political spectrum you stand with; either you are a conservative or a liberal, at the end you center all your opinions to your own political beliefs based on your own personal ethics. With all that has been going on in our nation’s economy, we begin to analyze one of the very most important, yet controversial political issue that we are facing: Liberal or Conservative? You must decide on your own what you feel the essential needs are, government program support, social support, or the economic support you feel your country shall provide you with. References Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs. (2005). Retrieved from http://www. studentnewsdaily. com/conservative-vs-liberal-beliefs/ State Felon Voting Laws. (2012). Retrieved from http://felonvoting. procon. org/view. resource. php? resourceID=286 Amy, D. J. (2007). A Guide to Rebutting Right-Wing Criticisms of Government. Retrieved from http://www. governmentisgood. com/feature. php? fid=14 Gold, R. B. (2004). Embryonic Stem Cell Researchaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ Old Controversy; New Debate. Retrieved from http://www. guttmacher. org/pubs/tgr/07/4/gr070404. html How to cite Conservative vs. Liberal, Essay examples

Development of Corporate Governance-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Question: Outline the development of Corporate Governance from the traditional approach through to the modern approach. Discuss the characteristics and principles of each approach. Answer: Introduction Corporate governance is the process by which corporate organisations are monitored and administered. Corporate governance is needed for the modern organizations to maintain a balance between the organizational goals and the interest of stakeholders of the organization. After globalisation, the work environment of corporations has changed. With the increase in opportunities, the accountability of the corporation has also increased. Large corporate and even small organisations have collapsed due to the lack of proper governance. The factors that are accountable are: the motive of social welfare and their responsibility, delegation, autonomy, authority, power and other disclosure agreements and their legitimacy. The collapse of the corporations like Enron, Lehman Brothers, Robert Maxwell due to fraudulent cases are the most important and noteworthy instances (Agrawal and Cooper 2017). These collapses have shaken the roots of the respected governance bodies. The Regulations and codes of ethics have been redefined after the government has learnt the lesson because of major losses in the economy and job cuts. The scandals have made people aware of the fraudulent ways of the company standards and procedures to be checked (Solomon, 2013). The scandals Enron is a company in Houston founded established by Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling in the year 1985. It became the largest energy providing organization in USA. Later on the company expanded to Oil and natural gases division, broadband and internet connections, Electricity, water and paper trading (Agrawal and Cooper 2017). This expansion helped the company to diversify in the global international market. After the bankruptcy, the analysis revealed that the company has significant problems regarding the dealings reported on directors. Different questions were raised regarding Enrons managerial problems and corporate ethical approaches they took when they were in active business. It showed several unethical means that was employed by the organisation over the years. In 2001, the company announced a major loss and was coaxed to admit their false account and profitability information of $600 million (Fox et al .2016). The accounting method of Enron was very unethical as they presente d non-transparent financial statements. In accrual accounting method their recorded cost and revenue were also incorrect and misleading. The hidden debt, taking excessive risks, violation in formation of balance sheets, disclosure of minimal details, overstated equity and profits to engage more shareholders were the unethical approaches adopted by the organization. These helped them to hide their losses for a short period but the strategy failed. The proliferation of the company books, checks and balances were detected to be filled with unethical practises and also a major cause of the breakdown in corporations governance (Shrives and Brennan 2015). The trials in court after the companys decline highlighted major issues that were overlooked by the civil lawyers. Excessive use of power by the CEO, private undisclosed partnerships was also the cause of the Enrons fall. The Parmalet Diarys scandal was a result of a failure in the governance and accounting discrepancies in privately owned corporate entity (McAlister et al. 2016). The Italian Food companys governance failed due to the founders unethical practises. He controlled the shareholders and channelled their resources illegally. This was also done at the expense of minority shareholders resources. The monitoring and controlling process failed leading to the Parmalats crisis. The Organizational structure was at fault as both the CEO and the owner held the position of chairperson as per the codes of Parmalat Finanziaria (McAlister et al. 2016). The lack of compliance of the companys independent policy related to the controlling of shareholders interests affected the company. The monitoring structure of the companys governance framework, made the abuse of power and fraudulent activity to rise easily in that situation. A similar case can be discussed form the UK. The infamous case of Robert Maxwell and his media corporation is a perfect example of the failure in governance framework. In order to survive in the sector he adopted fraudulent practises. It was estimated that they stole 727 million Euros from the pension funds of the two public companies as well as the assets from the companies (McAlister et al. 2016). The undivided control in operation in the Maxwell Communication and governance ultimately caused the downfall of the company. The non-executive directors were involved in the function of performing independent function. The auditors were involved in providing non-transparent information of financial activities and practises. The pension fund trustees also failed to observe the money laundering activities of the companies by transferring the money from one unidentified account to another (Eling and Marek 2014). This scandal also helped in raising the issues related to corporate governance ethics and codes. It was also reasoned that leadership of the company was very much incapable of using the stewardship of the company and making it properly function under their guidance (McAlister et al. 2016). During the recession years 2008-2009, Lehman Brothers collapsed because of the reasons aforementioned (Eling and Marek 2014). The unethical business practises of the top executives in the board and auditing firms were the reason of the collapse of the company. The discrepancies in the transaction and imbalance in the balance sheet drew attention of the company. The financial information was not disclosed then. Later on, the corporation got involved in a debt of $ 613 billion where unsecured creditors in different countries owed money from them (Eling and Marek 2014). The traditional approach The corporate governance is a considerably old concept, evolving after the private organisations were established. The firms provided value of control regarding governance and ethics. Most importantly, the problem of monitoring and directing the process is one of the most important parts of governing the organisation (Akinteye et al. 2015). The traditional approach also included the overview of the agency problem; ownership and control of the large publicly held corporation were also questionable. The legislative power of the company was directed by the economic policies set by government (Zalata and Roberts 2016). Traditional approach emphasises on the models that only takes into consideration the exchange and transactions taking place in the market among the investors, customers, suppliers, employees and other groups (Larcker and Tayan 2015.). The two tier models were responsible for the being the foundation of governance structure of companies. It also takes into account the agenc y costs and transactional cost related to the financial structure of the company. It also includes the legal responsibilities of the directors as well as the shareholders legal mechanisms used in business. The corporate laws started to reform after 2004 (Shrives and Brennan 2015). The alternative models were also adopted during this time. There are two types of theoretical framework, one is of broader view and the other is of narrower view. Thus, considering all factors, the models were defined for providing a solution for the companies that wants to enter the industry. The theoretical framework of the governance structure is one of the most important part to be considered. The traditional approach to share ownership and Anglo-American corporate governance goes by the transactional and agency theory of system (Shrives and Brennan 2015). In the modern joint stock market of America, the 910 companies were included. In the perspective of UK, corporate governance was functional and the role of board of directors and owners, chief executives were defined perfectly. The focus was on the activism of the shareholders instruments. The transparency and financial reporting were there but the Financial Reporting Council did not play its part effectively (Zalata and Roberts 2016). The companies that were involved in Financial Crisis were involved in breaking the codes of ethics and illegal activities. Implementation of the European Union Audit Regulations and Directives Section C3 reviewed the changes in information that the companies started to send regarding solvency, liquidity, viability and risk management and investment changes (Akinteye et al. 2015). The scandals related to those data provided in the companys journals were wrong which later stimulated in their downfall. The structure of the corporate governance was also at fault the company. Many companies were characterised as family owned and then different kinds of features were seen in the process. The traditional approach to corporate governance is based on the agency theory, which takes into consideration the factors of financial paradigm and economic factors. The agents that are considered in this supervisions and control structure are stakeholders of the organization (Zalata and Roberts 2016). The principles that are used in this structure are the delegation of the everyday decision making system, related to the shareholders. In this theory, shareholders wealth maximisation was an important motive of building the rules of corporate governance. The managers play with egoism and are known for being short-termism according to this traditional approach that has affected the company (Akinteye et al. 2015). The reduction in shareholders welfare is known as the residual loss in this theory. Transaction cost theory, takes into account the important element of the behavioural theory and its components. The resources of the market that are used to coordinate the transaction among the companies are related costs control theory of transaction. Internalisation of the transaction related activities is of utmost importance in this regard. The bounded rationality is an essential part of this theory (Shrives and Brennan 2015). According to this theory, the managers are individuals who are opportunistic by nature. The modern approach Stakeholders theory was developed considering the individual entities. Incorporation of corporate accountability is one of the most important elements in this concept. The broad research and unified approach of this theory makes it more relevant in the current time. This research takes the best out of the traditional approach of the corporate governance as well as incorporates philosophy, ethics, political theory, economical factors and stakeholders of the organisation (Dimopoulos and Wagner 2016). The commonality acknowledged in this theory is in the exchange relationship among the stakeholders. The stakeholders are shareholders, employees, suppliers, customers, creditors and all the personnel directly or indirectly related to the company. The modern approach of corporate governance is of the following factors. They are supervision, cooperation and information exchange, coordination, decision-making, consulting, supervision. These significant matters are considered in this report. The task in hand is more considered in this process, emphasis is given on the situation of economic, financial, organisational, and market. There is one theory that needs to be taken into consideration in defining the modern approach, the stewardship theory (Larcker and Tayan 2015). The function of this theory is to consider the supervisory board in relation with management. The main factor that is considered in the modern approach is the motivation factor. The agent motivation was purely financial. The behavioural approach was not considered in the old age. This gave an outcome in the governance structure, which was less effective in nature. The stewardship theory talks about the control mechanisms of the individuals in situational factors. The situational factors talks about the trust, employee engagement, collectivism, power distance and collaboration needs of the company (Boreiko and Murgia 2016). This is the main contrast from the agency theory. The governance of the companies is mainly based on the guidelines of Corporate Governance given by the OECD org amended on 2004 (Larcker and Tayan 2015). This organisation dictates the basic rules of the governance structure, accountability limitations. The following is the features, which need to be considered. The key ownership functions, rights and regulations of the companies regarding their shareholders are to be decided first. Treatments should be similar for all shareholders and not based on their ownership of shares Roles are correctly defined by this process Responsibility of the companys body (Dimopoulos and Wagner 2016) The recently added feature of social welfare that is included in the corporate structure depicts that the governance must give emphasis in planning the welfare of the society. The modern approach has different views that are presented to the government. The new recommendations presented have considered different holes that have been identified from the previous mishaps in corporate governance. The Hample report, Cadbury report and Higgs report were presented based on the modernisation of the corporate governance spirit (Boreiko and Murgia 2016). Different factors involved in this new method of calculation of directors remuneration are also given in the approach. Corporate social responsibility, social welfare improvement in pension fund regulations and other rules regarding corporate governance needs to be adopted. Shareholders reports, trustees role, responsibilities, and information that need to be presented in the report and other aspects of the company should be transparent accor ding the new approach. The impact of the new approach helps in combining the codes in UK Companys directors and institutional investors relationship. Pro activism of the shareholding governance is also considered in the matter. Critical discussion in the differences among the approaches used in UK and US corporate governance The separation in the ownership and control was incorporated as an essential policy in the new approach. The companies, which was in major need of improvement learnt from the scandals that plagued the noted companies as discussed above. This also affected the economy of those countries immensely. The scandals also involved major theft in some cases. Different reports on the failure issues were presented in the federal government of USA, they presented the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 in USA after the report was submitted, Higgs report in January 2001, and Smiths Report was presented in UK around that time (Al-Najjar and Abed 2014). Lack of solid foundations in UK government officials lead the investors to believe that they can earn huge profits and this helped them earning profit after investing in technological stocks. This was a good incident that happened in the late 1990s (Akinteye et al. 2015). The unlimited liability of the investors implied that the policies were not effective regarding investments. The Limited Liability act 1855 helped the company to rip off all the shareholders to earn profits that was due for the shareholders(Al-Najjar and Abed 2014). There have been significant influences of the collapse of Giant Corporation like Enron and WorldCom, which made it necessary to redefine the possible changes in the governance structures. The Hampel Report 1998 presented in the Britain is a successor of the Cadbury report. The report is based on the regulation of directors remunerations. This also summarizes the best practises of the UK companies. The UK companies defined separate rules in their report of governance. The common rules for directors fiduciary duties, Companies act and documents 1985 and listing rules in UK are different than the US regulations, that includes the SOX act 2002 (Honor et al. 2015). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 is detailed regulation listed for the companies in US and is very different from the rules of comply and explain in UK (Al-Najjar and Abed 2014). The US regulations depend on the fines, penalties and imprisonment for violating the requirements of SOX act. The securities act 2004 consists of audit, in vestigations and community requirements of the companies in UK (Armstrong et al. 2015). The committee has greater power in this regard. However, the establishments of the PCAOB (Public Company Accounting Oversight Board) have the ultimate power regarding all the auditors and US security law (Bushee et al. 2013) in the country. The provisions stated in the states regulation in SOX, that there must be mandatory rotations in the audit partners but the restrictions in non-audit services. The external auditors can provide only the non-audit services. However, in US the auditors or the audit partners of the company can provide the audit and non-audit services (Bain and Band 2016). The CEO and CFOs of the company must regularly certify the reports to help the company mitigate the penalties of false credit citations or engaging in criminal activities (Zalata and Robert 2016). However, in UK the directors report must contain the statement of the directors regarding relevancy of the audit inf ormation or false information given in the report. It is criminal offense for the company to make a false statement. The US legislations contain the prohibition act effective on insider trading during the pension fund scandal that happened in the country. The board does not specify it but the companies must go by the pension part 5 of the criminal justice act 1993 or Market Abuse Regime (Elmagrhi et al. 2017). However, the rules of management report and internal audit attested that the management report given in US SOC and SEC and adoption of codes of ethics is essential but it does not have any equivalent rules in UK regulations. In UK, it is expected that the companies will maintain the minimum ethics as a matter of fact (Carberry et al. 2017). Issues in the approaches as well as the benefits For a company it is essential to incorporate corporate governance in the operations of the business. Both of the discussed regulations, SOX in US and Smith, Higgs, Cadbury, Greenburg report in UK and other reports has very important part in the corporate governance (Tricker and Tricker, 2015). The separation in the roles of CEO, CFO, chairman and board of directors have provided the companies with an advantage of taking different perspectives and thus form different viewpoints. The codes of corporate governance and ethics in other companies are strictly maintained after the scandals of the companies discussed above. The main issue in modern approach of corporate governance is, it does not identify consistency and significance in the relationships between performance of the firm and executives remuneration (Elmagrhi et al. 2017). The monitoring and the evaluation system is also given lesser emphasis in the acts that needs to be implemented. The Cadbury Act in UK does not consider the accounting standard changes that are modified after the commencements of the report (Denis 2016). The share repurchase from the shareholders are also an issue in corporate governance approach, which should be considered. These issues have been highlighted in this framework. Conclusion The constant update of the corporate governance ethics and codes of practice along methodical review of corporate governance structures are necessary to avoid downfall of companies like Enron in the future. The concept of corporate governance deals with the changes in the approach of the top level management along with the effective implementation of human resource in the company. The approach to use the penalties, fines and restrictions in case of illegal activities and breach of any contract is effective. 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