A Proposal to Ban Smoking in Public Areas Essay -- Argumentative Persu

A Proposal to Ban Smoking in Public Areas Every year, there are over 400,000 smoking-related deaths in the United States. A large percentage of these are due to lung cancer, whose leading cause is smoking. However, not all deaths are smokers themselves. Anyone in the vicinity can fall victim to second hand smoke. These people, through no action of their own, can have their lives threatened. This problem, which plagues all Americans, should have action taken on a local scale to help protect the health of the public. The Ames City Council is in the process of debating a city ordanince which whould ban smoking in all public places, with the exception of those designated as "smokng areas". A public place shall be defined by Subsection 142B.1(3) Code of IowaAmes City Council, Current Odrances, http://www.city.ames.ia.us/Whatsnew/smokingban.htm). Several other methods for solving the problem of second-hand smoke have been suggested in the past. One method is to use air purifiers to clean the air. While this can remove some smoke particles from the air, even the most expensive air filtration system cannot remove all of the poisons and toxins put into the air by second hand smoke. Another solution would be to have separate rooms in which smoking is allowed, such as a lounge or parlor. This idea is also flawed, because for this to work, the rooms in which smoking is allowed would require entirely separate ventilation systems to accomplish the objective of protecting others (from the New York Times, 1/12/99, Public Smoking Ban: Alternatives?) The need for this legislation is made obvious by statistics, as well as by example situations. As the Saskatchewan Institute on Prevention of Handicaps states on their web page about seco... ...aw, rendering it useless. A fine should be set at $250, with increasing severity for multiple offenses. The current ordanance does not contain this ever important increase for repeat offenses, and should thus be amended in "Sec.21A.300 PENALTY" to reflect this change. It is this clause which will keep people from smoking in public places, and this provision must also be added to make the ordanence effective in accomplishing its objective. Today, through out the country, and even right here in Ames, Iowa, there is an enormous problem of cigarette smoke putting people?s lives in danger. By passing a ban to make smoking illegal in public places, the lives of people who have been made to suffer from second-hand smoke will be improved, and people who currently smoke will be discouraged from continuing to do so. This will help to improve the lives of all Ames citizens.

Differentiating Between Market Structures Essay

Coca-Cola is one of the world’s top selling soft drink companies. Coca-Cola has continuously progressed since it began 1886. A pharmacist in Atlanta named Dr. John S. Pemberton created a unique soft drink flavor that could be sold at soda fountains. The credit for the name and trade mark goes to Frank M. Robinson. Frank was Dr. Pemberton’s partner and bookkeeper. Today Coca-Cola is the manufacturer of over 500 brands of products sold in over 200 countries worldwide. The Coca-Cola Company operates in an oligopoly. An oligopoly is a market structure in which there are only a few firms and firms explicitly take from other firms’ likely response into account; there are often significant barriers to entry that prevent smaller firms from making an impact(Colander, 2013). There are several different reasons why Coca-Cola is an oligopoly. Only two firms dominate the majority of the market share, Coca-Cola and Pepsi. There are other smaller firms in the market, but their market share in the industry is very small when compared to these two major firms. Small companies do not have the financial capital to start a brand on a massive scale. For, small companies, the barriers to entering the industry are too high. The high operating cost of production in the soft drink industry prevents companies from entering the soft drink market. Comparisons Oligopoly has previously been defined as a market structure in which there are only a few firms and firms explicitly take from other firms’ likely response into account; there are often significant barriers to entry that prevent smaller firms from making an impact(Colander, 2013). A few firms mean the number of firms has to be significantly low, as in this case two Coca- Cola and Pepsi, for there to be acknowledgment that each firm aware that its future prospects depend on both its policies and the policies of its rival. Firms in oligopoly can use either high-price strategy or low-price strategy to maximize their profit. An industry is defined as a group of firms where the firm’s products are close substitutes for one another that have a high and positive cross elasticity of demand (WEI, 2012). Coca-Cola and Pepsi are in an oligopoly market. Both companies sell the same product, giving them power over pricing, both companies will take into consideration each otherâ€⠄¢s actions are changing the prices of their  products. Prices of their goods usually change according to the kinked demand curve. The kinked demand curve theory is an economic theory about oligopoly and monopolistic competition. If other firms ignored price increases and price decreases brought about lowering of prices by competitors, the firm will have a demand curve with the kink at the present market price of P*. Firms believe that a kinked demand curve is brought about from basic strategic considerations. Usually, low pricing strategy is used by both firms simultaneously to increase market profits. As the summer holidays approach, the firms will use harsh competition practices to buildup sales, and in turn increase profit. Game theory is applied to be a market share. A game theory is a pricing policy, and it helps a firm to enhance profit (WEI, 2012). The barriers are high to enter this market. Coca-Cola and Pepsi have signed a cartel contract. The two firms will become a cartel to avoid other firm from entering this market because it will decrease their economic profit. Cartel is a small number of firms acting together to limit cost, raise price, and increase profit. Neither Coca-Cola nor Pepsi exit from this market, another firm will become a monopoly. The soft drink price will become higher (WEI, 2012). Monopolistic competition is present when the market has multiple sellers marketing differentiated products. Retail trade can be used as an example. Oligopoly represents a steady market form where a few sellers dominate in the market and each firm has a certain amount of share of the market. Both firms are aware of their dependence on each other. Competitive Strategies Coca-Cola and Pepsi take part in non-price product differentiation. Product differentiation is the process of distinguishing a service or product from other products, to make it more appealing to a targeted market. On a rare occasion, will you see Pepsi try to challenge Coca-Cola in pricing. These two companies use creative advertisement instead. Another competitive strategy that, can be used by Coca-Cola is to produce their product globally. Coca-Cola will need to obtain contracts with restaurant chains to be their sole distributor of soft drinks. By partnering with major food chains, it guarantees that consumers on have the choice of purchasing their product. If you only have one choice, it is almost a guarantee your product will be purchased. Product packaging, which is also another form of product  differentiation. Coca-Cola cans and bottles are constantly changing to give consumers a new sense of worth. If Coca-Cola did not keep its packaging updated, Pepsi would gain market share from consumers who have become bored Coca-Cola customers. Recommendations Loyalty programs can be used to gain customer loyalty. Coca-Cola can offer discounts and free products to customers who buy large quantities of their product. Loyalty programs would provide an encouragement for customers to stay loyal to the Coca-Cola brand. Product line expansion, by expanding their product line Coca-Cola will be able to reach a wide variety of customers. With the growth of the global economy, Coca-Cola will need to target the tastes of certain customers. An example would be; people’s soft drink choices are different in Asia than they are in Africa. There will have to do an enormous amount of research and testing to find the right products for these markets. Although the investment will be costly, it will prove to be valuable in the long run. Summary Coca-Cola is in an oligopoly market for obvious reasons. Coca-Cola and Pepsi dominate the soft drink market. There are significant barriers to entry that prevent smaller firms from making an impact on the market. Because of their dominance, the two companies can compete in area like marketing and product expansion to maximize profit. Success is driven by product differentiation through product packaging and advertising. By putting into place loyalty programs and expanding the product line, Coca-Cola will continue to be the top selling soft drink company. Reference Lin, H. (2012). Coca-Cola vs. Pepsi: The Economics behind Coke’s Dominance. Retrieved from http://economicstudents.com/2012/10/coca-cola-vs-pepsi-the-economics-behind-cokes-dominance/ Wei, G. C. (2012). Oligopoly-Coca-Cola & Pepsi. Retrieved from http://economicsdicussion.blogspot.com/2012/11/oligopoly-coca-cola-pepsi.html Octotutor. (2014). The Market Structure of the Coca-Cola Company. Retrieved from http://octotutor.com/the-market-structure-of-the-coca-cola-company/

The Enforcement Of A Uniform Code - 1433 Words

May 4th, 2016 State Board of Education Members Florida Department of Education 325 W Gaines St, Tallahassee, FL 32399 Dear State Board of Education members, My name is Jonathon Franklin Akins, a recent Magna Cum Laude graduate of Mater Lakes Academy and presently a Florida International University undergraduate student. I believe that the enforcement of a uniform code in every school is vital to protect students from the detrimental effects associated with bullying. Imposition of a uniform code would enhance school pride, unity, and community spirit, improve academic performance, and most importantly, decrease student bullying. According to the Journal of School Health, 71% of students report incidents of bullying as a problem at their school (â€Å"11 facts†). Bullying is widespread epidemic and it is one of the most unreported safety problems that occur on school campuses across the nation. People take days away from school to avoid being terrorized, see their academic performance decrease, experience depression, and in extreme cases take their own li ves, or kill some of their schoolmates due to the fact that they were constantly burdened with people bullying them. Can you imagine seeing your own child apprehensive about going to school because they are haunted by the memories of constantly being called names, having false rumors spread between their peers, or even, battered? I have noticed that bullying is often dismissed by people because they believe that it is justShow MoreRelatedUniforms Code Violations At School Essay1730 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen a numerous number of dress code violations at your school just this week? Is it getting old having to repeat the same things to students over and over again? Are they not listening even after they are punished? If this is the case, then consider making some changes to benefit the school and everyone in it. The easiest way to reduce these violations would be with uniforms. Ohio public schools dress code is greatly flawed and schools should implement a uniform policy to reduce off ice disciplinaryRead MoreLaw Enforcement : The Police Officer And The Firefighter843 Words   |  4 PagesLaw Enforcement The profession that interests me the most is law enforcement. I chose law enforcement because I wanted to impact my community and I felt a need to work for something greater than myself. Based on the images provided by the set of slides I believe that each slide positively represented the profession. There were three different aspects of law enforcement depicted in the slides, the police officer, the corrections officer and the firefighter. The next slide showed a forensics technicianRead MoreComparison Contrast: Community Policing vs. Traditional Policing1623 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent forms and facets in the past 50 years. Although, various modes models of policing styles continue to be introduced, two main aspects of law enforcement have remained constant, (traditional policing community oriented- policing). There are so many different facets, trends, and new emerging technologies in the wide world of law enforcement. First, we will outline a brief history of the origins and evolvement of policing. Special attention will be lent to illustrate the effectiveness of theRead MoreShould A Police Officer Conduct Affected His Job?981 Words   |  4 Pageswent against the law enforcement code of ethics. Chief Franklin said, All of our guys understand the ramifications of being irresponsible with their firearms, with their weapons and with their position in the city (Beames. 2013). Although, the police officer punishment was severe, ETHICS VIOLATIONS- LAW ENFORCEMENT 2 putting people at risk, and disrespecting police authority is against the law enforcement principles. 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Yes, uniforms and some very strict dress codes limit what the students have to choose to wear to school every day, but it doesn’t limit them from learning which is the main reason they are in school. Some students treatRead MoreSchool Uniform And School Uniforms937 Words   |  4 PagesSchool Uniform School uniforms keep students focused on their education not in their clothings. When all students are wearing the same outfit, they are less concerned about how they look and how they fit in with their peers. It’s easier for parent and students do not spend time choosing appropriate outfit for school day. It helps students can only concentrate on their schoolwork. Education is one of the big institutions for every kid that go to school. Also education is the roots that will help peopleRead MoreThe Ethics Of Police Officers967 Words   |  4 Pagesterminated officer because his behavior went against the law enforcement code of ethics. Chief Franklin said, All of our guys understand the ramifications of being irresponsible with their firearms, with their weapons and with their position in the city (Beames. 2013). Although, the police officer punishment may seem severe, putting people at risk, and disrespecting police authority is against the law enforcement principles. The Texas police codes of ethics state that a police officer should always keepRead MorePublic Safety Is More Refined, And Strategies Of Communication Essay1513 Words   |  7 Pagesstrategies of communication are a lot quicker. Law enforcement tools have evolved from posters to police radio, patrol cars and social networks, like Twitter, Facebook and YouTube. Social networking has quickly become a valuable intelligence-gathering tool for law enforcement agencies, also as a supply of proof for defense and prosecution personnel who search Facebook pages, Twitter feeds or YouTube videos seeking to discredit witnesses, establish enforcement bias, hunt proof or establish associations betweenRead MoreEthics in Criminal Justice Administration Analysis Essay978 Words   |  4 Pagescitizens and the law enforcement in regards to the balancing concern. The concerns are from prosecuting the guilty and respecting the right of the accused, protecting the victims, and creating a safe community. This paper will give analysis of the critical thinking concerning the relationship between ethics and professional behavior role of the law enforcement officers, and the five areas of ethical conduct that should be communicate in a seminar. Professional Code of Ethic for Law

The Evaluation of Five Websites About Cloning Based on...

The Evaluation of five Websites about Cloning based on their Credibility and support by peer-reviewed Articles Introduction Ever since the birth of the first cloned sheep, named Dolly, the dream of human cloning has existed (Van Dijck, 1999). Cloning a mammal is described as the manipulation of an animal or human cell in order to create an identical copy of that animal’s or human’s nucleic DNA (Andrews, 1997). Though the dream of a human clone also comes with a lot of controversy regarding ethics and morals. Embryotic stem cell research, which could lead to a renewable source of human tissue, cells and eventually entire organs (Bowring, 2004), is highly controversial due to the necessity of placing a cloned embryo into a woman’s body†¦show more content†¦The website also elaborates on the history of animal cloning as it lists all animals that have successfully been cloned before, which includes: tadpole, sheep, goats, cows, mice, pigs, cats, rabbits, and a gaur. Furthermore it discusses the implication of cloned organs as transplants and touches up on the risk o f cloning. The ethical side of cloning is also discussed shortly. Even though the website is not a peer-reviewed journal or article and does not provide proper references, it provides accurate, though old, information about cloning. The information specified can be backed up by a peer-reviewed article (Bowring, 2004), but as references are missing this website does not qualify as a highly suitable website. Furthermore the information given is moderately old, as for example; the list of cloned animals misses to mention the cloning of a dog, which was successfully achieved in 2005 (Levine, 2009). Proper referencing and peer reviewing could have helped to make this website more credible but with those factors missing the â€Å"Cloning Fact Sheet† website only qualifies as a moderately proper website and is therefore ranked as number 3. 4. â€Å"Health Canada - Human Cloning† The article †Human Cloning† on the â€Å"Health-Canada† website explains the issues surrounding therapeutic and reproductive human cloning. Additionally it introduces someShow MoreRelatedCloud Computing Security67046 Words   |  269 Pagescloudsecurityalliance.org/guidance/csaguide.v2.1.pdf (version 2 guidance) http://www.cloudsecurityalliance.org/guidance/csaguide.v1.0.pdf (version 1 guidance) In a departure from the second version of our guidance, each domain was assigned its own editor and peer reviewed by industry experts. The structure and numbering of the domains align with industry standards and best practices. We encourage the adoption of this guidance as a good operating practice in strategic management of cloud services. These white papersRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 PagesMarketing Management, 14e (Kotler/Keller) Chapter 1 Defining Marketing for the 21st Century 1) Which of the following statements about marketing is true? A) It is of little importance when products are standardized. B) It can help create jobs in the economy by increasing demand for goods and services. C) It helps to build a loyal customer base but has no impact on a firms intangible assets. D) It is more important for bigger organizations than smaller ones. E) It is seldom used by nonprofitRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagestruth is out there, and we can objectively know it Philosophical disputes around the role of the subjective in science Epistemological and ontolological disputes: how can we ever know the ‘truth’ and is there an ‘out there’? A few words of warning about the term postmodernism Overview of the structure and rationale of the book Chapter summaries Chapter 2: Modernist organization theory: back to the future? Chapter 3: Neo-modernist organization theory: putting people first? Chapter 4: Neo-modernist

Greek Religion Ancient Greeks - 1704 Words

Ancient Greeks worshipped lots of different gods. They believed many gods appeared in human form and were provided with superhuman strength. The Greeks usually worshipped in sanctuaries located within the city or the country. A sanctuary was a well-defined sacred space set apart usually by an enclosure wall. They also worshipped in temples. Temples benefited from their natural surroundings, helping the expression of character divinities. The Greeks also had a Christian Orthodox church they used. The Greek religion had a total of twelve gods, each representing a certain aspect of human behavior. Religion was always present. The Greeks had rituals, myths, and temples with the beliefs being widespread so the Greek government could function. Each god did a different thing, with different powers. Each were always needed, and their powers were always necessary. They usually all got along unless one was made mad. Greek religion was combinations of old Minoan beliefs. To some extent always remained familiar but its far from easy understanding. The Greeks thought of their religion as unique and unrepeatable. They believed that after death, a soul went on a journey to a place called the underworld (â€Å"Everyday life, Beliefs, and Myths†). If the soul went to the underworld the god of death would cut off a lock of your hair as you died. Hermes, the messenger god, would then lead you to the river, Styx. If your body was once buried the ferryman god would deliver you across the river.Show MoreRelatedGreek Religion : Ancient Greece1601 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough Greek religion is no longer popular because of it s diversity compared to religion today, it had a great standing back in Ancient Greece; Many aspects played a role in creating it s foundation such as the deities, worship and rituals, and mystics and oracles. 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It composed of many meaningful Gods and Goddesses that played the part in the everyday life of the average Roman and the Greek citizen. Before going into their beliefs and many strange legends, we must consider what kind of beings these divinities were. From history, there’s the first dynasty that consisted of the origin of the world, Uranus and Ge. The ancient Greeks had several theoriesRead MoreAncient Greek Religion And Ancient Greece1955 Words   |  8 PagesThough Ancient Greece was made up of many different regions and colonies, these 3 things were almost always in view. The ancient Greeks worshiped many different gods and goddesses that each controlled something in the mortal world. What was different about their gods and goddesses was that they were very human like. They looked like mortals, had thoughts like mortals, and they even quarreled with each other like we do. Ancient Greek religion is also known as Greek Mythology, Classical Religion, andRead MoreEssay on Ancient Greek and Mesopotamian Religions - a Comparison1501 Words   |  7 PagesAncient Religions By: MLB As civilization has progressed through the ages, many religions have arisen and taken hold around the world, two if the most interesting, being the religious beliefs of the ancient Mesopotamian and the Greeks. These two religions were practiced in different areas and at different times and, therefore, show that religion has played a critical role in every society and civilization. No matter how it is organized or what typeRead MoreHow Did The Religion Of Ancient Greeks Played A Role?1201 Words   |  5 PagesKenzay Rivers Ms. Finney How did the religion of ancient Greeks played a role in their daily lives? 10 November 2016 How did the religion of ancient Greeks played a role in their daily lives? In the ancient Greek world, religion was personal, direct, and present in its citizens’ daily lives. During this time, they participated in animal sacrifices and offerings, created myths to explain the beginning of the human race and gave reverence to their gods by building temples which controlled theRead More Classical Greek Architecture Essay1279 Words   |  6 PagesClassical Greek Architecture The reuse of older art works in contemporary times is not an uncommon occurrence, and many examples can be seen throughout the day as one goes from place to place. Even when one is browsing through the World Wide Web can many uses of older art and architecture be seen, as with the example shown. 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During this time, Greece was near the middle of its Archaic period, a period of technological, social, political, and cultural innovations. This was the period in which the first true alphabet system arose, the system which allowed Hesiod and other poets like him to record permanently the oral stories and lyrics so important to Greek culture. This was also the time in which the Greek polis emergedRead MoreAnalysis Of Neil Fraser s The Golden Age 1893 Words   |  8 PagesTheatre History Explained Neil Fraser outlines the history of theatre from Greek and Roman times, all the way through the twentieth century. Fraser makes a claim that theatre truly began in Greek culture with even the Roma’s looking upon that time as â€Å"the golden age†. â€Å"The Romans looked back on Greek theatre of circa 600BC as a golden age, and we can still make a case for the great plays of that period as having never been bettered.† (Fraser, 2004, pg.5). Some of the more important highlights of

Conservative vs. Liberal Free Essays

Conservative vs. Liberal Dimitri Khago PSY/201 Sunday, August 05, 2012 Mariah Degruy Conservatives vs. Liberals Not just as Americans but as human beings we all want the same basic things in our daily lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Conservative vs. Liberal or any similar topic only for you Order Now We all seek freedom and yearn for prosperity. We all seek for what is fair in life and not just our lives separately, but the lives of our nation’s people. We want less people to suffer as much as possible, especially our children. We all seek the best for our health being. We all want a crime free nation and crime free streets in our communities. We all want a freedom to speak and voice our opinions; yet the one major key argument is how do we achieve all of these? With all that has been going on in our nation’s economy, we begin to analyze one of the very most important, yet controversial political issue that we are facing: Liberal or Conservative? Although we are united as a whole nation, but when concerning our nation’s political policies we are very much divided. Each of us has our own beliefs and our own opinion, but the beauty of this is that this is what makes this country. This belief was instilled in our bloods from the day this great nation was formed, by our political forefathers up until now. We sometimes call these beliefs Left or Right based on the political spectrum. The political spectrum We have learned to become conservative toward the nation, our nation’s people and our nation’s policies, as well as we have learned to become liberal toward the nation, our people and our nation’s policies. Which is right you might ask, that all depends on every individuals different view and opinion to do what is right and best for them? Conservatives and Liberals differ on what they believe is correct for the government. They seek different essential needs, different government program support, different social views, and very different economic views. As humans we all seek the same basic needs to live. These needs are Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of happiness a well-known phrase from the United States Declaration of Independence. We all have the right to lead our own life in which we so choose. We all have the right to have our belief and make our own decisions and stand to our own judgments. The most important matter is that we have the right to do whatever it takes to make ourselves feel happy without harming anyone one stepping over the boundaries of others. In order to protect our individual human rights the bill of rights were established. These laws which allow the people the ability to live by these deserved rights as a human being are what distinguish us from a free person and one who is not free. If one is convicted of a felony these particular laws spoken of are no longer valid to them – the right to vote, the right to serve on a jury, and the right to bear arms are all void. Although some states are adjusting these laws to their own liking, you as a criminal are no longer privileged to take part in these opportunities because of the crime committed, they are therefore taken away from you â€Å"†¦Other states may permanently ban felons from voting even after being released from prison, parole, and probation, and having paid all their fines. †(State Felon Voting Laws). There are many programs in which our government runs, and many of these programs are the split between the conservative or the liberal side. Liberals seem to view their government better as a larger government and support those programs which make this a reality. These include many programs, but one in particular is welfare. In the eyes of a liberal, this program is looked very highly upon. It helps those in need the ability to stand on their feet and not be out on the street. Although ideally this is a great help, but nowadays in our country, many people seem to take advantage of this opportunity and cheating the rest of society who need this help. With the educational program, a liberal supports not only public schools and a higher teacher salary, but also smaller classroom for the students. They support the idea that the classrooms should not be thirty-plus children, but also smaller more controlled environment† Vouchers take money away from public schools. † (Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs. ). Now if you were to ask a conservative about education, they believe in the art of competition â€Å"School vouchers create competition and therefore encourage schools to improve performance. (Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs. ). Schools should be all private so that they compete with lower costs and the parents have the opportunity to decide where they want their child to attend, and what kind of education they want for their child. Another program a conservative strongly believes in is canceling all the failed social support programs. Why should a country hold on to a program that is not helping anyone that is in need o f the assistance, but financially supporting those well off, and are working and supporting their own families. Although being in the twenty-first century has expanded our view upon socialistic views, conservatives feel that we should not change our ruling on marriage and that it must stay traditional between a man and a woman. Since America was founded on grounds of religious freedom, and the Bible was and is our most highly looked upon views, conservatives feel that we shall stick to these traditional views and not support the idea of abortion or embryonic stem cell research. One must not abort a child, since that is the same as murder â€Å"Abortion is the murder of a human being. † (Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs. ). One must also not participate in stem cell research since that too is destroying a life. This is where the argument comes in on the Liberal side. Liberals believe it is not up to us to decide if marriage shall stay between a man and a woman, what is so wrong with a man and man marrying or a woman and woman? Since this country was found on the principles of freedom and the rights to make our own decisions, the personal lives of Americans shall not be dictated by the government because of what they think is right. It has not yet been proven that a fetus inside a woman is a child or a fetus. The argument remains that a child is only a child when it takes its first breath, or that a child is a child when it is conceived. Shouldn’t the mother decide if she wants to give birth to this fetus? She will be bearing all the pain, so it should be her right to decide â€Å"A woman has the right to decide what happens with her body. A fetus is not a human life, so it does not have separate individual rights. † (Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs. ). Now if you can save a life wouldn’t you? If you aren’t hurting anyone or anything with embryonic stem cell research, then scientist should be able to harvest these stem cells to help a life â€Å"†¦Stem cells derived from embryos in the very earliest stages of development; these cells have long been thought by scientists to have an xtraordinary potential for alleviating the suffering caused by conditions ranging from diabetes to Alzheimer’s disease to spinal cord injury. † (Gold). Money is what runs the country, one thing these two political stances have in common are the want and need for more jobs. A conservative wants the federal government not to tax the rich as high and should spend so much less. These big businesses should get the tax breaks they want and deserve to increase and generate their revenue, so that they can stimulate and keep the economy stable and grow to be much stronger. Liberal’s on the other hand believe in quite opposite of the conservative behalf they believe that the rich should be taxed more than the poor since they can afford to pay a little extra money in order to have a greater government â€Å"The less government we have, the more liberty we have. † (Amy). They also approach with saying that these big businesses should be taxed more and pay a larger amount of income tax from their profits to help support and provide for Medi-Cal, Medic-Aid, and Welfare. In conclusion regardless on which of side of the political spectrum you stand with; either you are a conservative or a liberal, at the end you center all your opinions to your own political beliefs based on your own personal ethics. With all that has been going on in our nation’s economy, we begin to analyze one of the very most important, yet controversial political issue that we are facing: Liberal or Conservative? You must decide on your own what you feel the essential needs are, government program support, social support, or the economic support you feel your country shall provide you with. References Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs. (2005). Retrieved from http://www. studentnewsdaily. com/conservative-vs-liberal-beliefs/ State Felon Voting Laws. (2012). Retrieved from http://felonvoting. procon. org/view. resource. php? resourceID=286 Amy, D. J. (2007). A Guide to Rebutting Right-Wing Criticisms of Government. Retrieved from http://www. governmentisgood. com/feature. php? fid=14 Gold, R. B. (2004). Embryonic Stem Cell Researchaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ Old Controversy; New Debate. Retrieved from http://www. guttmacher. org/pubs/tgr/07/4/gr070404. html How to cite Conservative vs. Liberal, Essay examples

Development of Corporate Governance-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Question: Outline the development of Corporate Governance from the traditional approach through to the modern approach. Discuss the characteristics and principles of each approach. Answer: Introduction Corporate governance is the process by which corporate organisations are monitored and administered. Corporate governance is needed for the modern organizations to maintain a balance between the organizational goals and the interest of stakeholders of the organization. After globalisation, the work environment of corporations has changed. With the increase in opportunities, the accountability of the corporation has also increased. Large corporate and even small organisations have collapsed due to the lack of proper governance. The factors that are accountable are: the motive of social welfare and their responsibility, delegation, autonomy, authority, power and other disclosure agreements and their legitimacy. The collapse of the corporations like Enron, Lehman Brothers, Robert Maxwell due to fraudulent cases are the most important and noteworthy instances (Agrawal and Cooper 2017). These collapses have shaken the roots of the respected governance bodies. The Regulations and codes of ethics have been redefined after the government has learnt the lesson because of major losses in the economy and job cuts. The scandals have made people aware of the fraudulent ways of the company standards and procedures to be checked (Solomon, 2013). The scandals Enron is a company in Houston founded established by Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling in the year 1985. It became the largest energy providing organization in USA. Later on the company expanded to Oil and natural gases division, broadband and internet connections, Electricity, water and paper trading (Agrawal and Cooper 2017). This expansion helped the company to diversify in the global international market. After the bankruptcy, the analysis revealed that the company has significant problems regarding the dealings reported on directors. Different questions were raised regarding Enrons managerial problems and corporate ethical approaches they took when they were in active business. It showed several unethical means that was employed by the organisation over the years. In 2001, the company announced a major loss and was coaxed to admit their false account and profitability information of $600 million (Fox et al .2016). The accounting method of Enron was very unethical as they presente d non-transparent financial statements. In accrual accounting method their recorded cost and revenue were also incorrect and misleading. The hidden debt, taking excessive risks, violation in formation of balance sheets, disclosure of minimal details, overstated equity and profits to engage more shareholders were the unethical approaches adopted by the organization. These helped them to hide their losses for a short period but the strategy failed. The proliferation of the company books, checks and balances were detected to be filled with unethical practises and also a major cause of the breakdown in corporations governance (Shrives and Brennan 2015). The trials in court after the companys decline highlighted major issues that were overlooked by the civil lawyers. Excessive use of power by the CEO, private undisclosed partnerships was also the cause of the Enrons fall. The Parmalet Diarys scandal was a result of a failure in the governance and accounting discrepancies in privately owned corporate entity (McAlister et al. 2016). The Italian Food companys governance failed due to the founders unethical practises. He controlled the shareholders and channelled their resources illegally. This was also done at the expense of minority shareholders resources. The monitoring and controlling process failed leading to the Parmalats crisis. The Organizational structure was at fault as both the CEO and the owner held the position of chairperson as per the codes of Parmalat Finanziaria (McAlister et al. 2016). The lack of compliance of the companys independent policy related to the controlling of shareholders interests affected the company. The monitoring structure of the companys governance framework, made the abuse of power and fraudulent activity to rise easily in that situation. A similar case can be discussed form the UK. The infamous case of Robert Maxwell and his media corporation is a perfect example of the failure in governance framework. In order to survive in the sector he adopted fraudulent practises. It was estimated that they stole 727 million Euros from the pension funds of the two public companies as well as the assets from the companies (McAlister et al. 2016). The undivided control in operation in the Maxwell Communication and governance ultimately caused the downfall of the company. The non-executive directors were involved in the function of performing independent function. The auditors were involved in providing non-transparent information of financial activities and practises. The pension fund trustees also failed to observe the money laundering activities of the companies by transferring the money from one unidentified account to another (Eling and Marek 2014). This scandal also helped in raising the issues related to corporate governance ethics and codes. It was also reasoned that leadership of the company was very much incapable of using the stewardship of the company and making it properly function under their guidance (McAlister et al. 2016). During the recession years 2008-2009, Lehman Brothers collapsed because of the reasons aforementioned (Eling and Marek 2014). The unethical business practises of the top executives in the board and auditing firms were the reason of the collapse of the company. The discrepancies in the transaction and imbalance in the balance sheet drew attention of the company. The financial information was not disclosed then. Later on, the corporation got involved in a debt of $ 613 billion where unsecured creditors in different countries owed money from them (Eling and Marek 2014). The traditional approach The corporate governance is a considerably old concept, evolving after the private organisations were established. The firms provided value of control regarding governance and ethics. Most importantly, the problem of monitoring and directing the process is one of the most important parts of governing the organisation (Akinteye et al. 2015). The traditional approach also included the overview of the agency problem; ownership and control of the large publicly held corporation were also questionable. The legislative power of the company was directed by the economic policies set by government (Zalata and Roberts 2016). Traditional approach emphasises on the models that only takes into consideration the exchange and transactions taking place in the market among the investors, customers, suppliers, employees and other groups (Larcker and Tayan 2015.). The two tier models were responsible for the being the foundation of governance structure of companies. It also takes into account the agenc y costs and transactional cost related to the financial structure of the company. It also includes the legal responsibilities of the directors as well as the shareholders legal mechanisms used in business. The corporate laws started to reform after 2004 (Shrives and Brennan 2015). The alternative models were also adopted during this time. There are two types of theoretical framework, one is of broader view and the other is of narrower view. Thus, considering all factors, the models were defined for providing a solution for the companies that wants to enter the industry. The theoretical framework of the governance structure is one of the most important part to be considered. The traditional approach to share ownership and Anglo-American corporate governance goes by the transactional and agency theory of system (Shrives and Brennan 2015). In the modern joint stock market of America, the 910 companies were included. In the perspective of UK, corporate governance was functional and the role of board of directors and owners, chief executives were defined perfectly. The focus was on the activism of the shareholders instruments. The transparency and financial reporting were there but the Financial Reporting Council did not play its part effectively (Zalata and Roberts 2016). The companies that were involved in Financial Crisis were involved in breaking the codes of ethics and illegal activities. Implementation of the European Union Audit Regulations and Directives Section C3 reviewed the changes in information that the companies started to send regarding solvency, liquidity, viability and risk management and investment changes (Akinteye et al. 2015). The scandals related to those data provided in the companys journals were wrong which later stimulated in their downfall. The structure of the corporate governance was also at fault the company. Many companies were characterised as family owned and then different kinds of features were seen in the process. The traditional approach to corporate governance is based on the agency theory, which takes into consideration the factors of financial paradigm and economic factors. The agents that are considered in this supervisions and control structure are stakeholders of the organization (Zalata and Roberts 2016). The principles that are used in this structure are the delegation of the everyday decision making system, related to the shareholders. In this theory, shareholders wealth maximisation was an important motive of building the rules of corporate governance. The managers play with egoism and are known for being short-termism according to this traditional approach that has affected the company (Akinteye et al. 2015). The reduction in shareholders welfare is known as the residual loss in this theory. Transaction cost theory, takes into account the important element of the behavioural theory and its components. The resources of the market that are used to coordinate the transaction among the companies are related costs control theory of transaction. Internalisation of the transaction related activities is of utmost importance in this regard. The bounded rationality is an essential part of this theory (Shrives and Brennan 2015). According to this theory, the managers are individuals who are opportunistic by nature. The modern approach Stakeholders theory was developed considering the individual entities. Incorporation of corporate accountability is one of the most important elements in this concept. The broad research and unified approach of this theory makes it more relevant in the current time. This research takes the best out of the traditional approach of the corporate governance as well as incorporates philosophy, ethics, political theory, economical factors and stakeholders of the organisation (Dimopoulos and Wagner 2016). The commonality acknowledged in this theory is in the exchange relationship among the stakeholders. The stakeholders are shareholders, employees, suppliers, customers, creditors and all the personnel directly or indirectly related to the company. The modern approach of corporate governance is of the following factors. They are supervision, cooperation and information exchange, coordination, decision-making, consulting, supervision. These significant matters are considered in this report. The task in hand is more considered in this process, emphasis is given on the situation of economic, financial, organisational, and market. There is one theory that needs to be taken into consideration in defining the modern approach, the stewardship theory (Larcker and Tayan 2015). The function of this theory is to consider the supervisory board in relation with management. The main factor that is considered in the modern approach is the motivation factor. The agent motivation was purely financial. The behavioural approach was not considered in the old age. This gave an outcome in the governance structure, which was less effective in nature. The stewardship theory talks about the control mechanisms of the individuals in situational factors. The situational factors talks about the trust, employee engagement, collectivism, power distance and collaboration needs of the company (Boreiko and Murgia 2016). This is the main contrast from the agency theory. The governance of the companies is mainly based on the guidelines of Corporate Governance given by the OECD org amended on 2004 (Larcker and Tayan 2015). This organisation dictates the basic rules of the governance structure, accountability limitations. The following is the features, which need to be considered. The key ownership functions, rights and regulations of the companies regarding their shareholders are to be decided first. Treatments should be similar for all shareholders and not based on their ownership of shares Roles are correctly defined by this process Responsibility of the companys body (Dimopoulos and Wagner 2016) The recently added feature of social welfare that is included in the corporate structure depicts that the governance must give emphasis in planning the welfare of the society. The modern approach has different views that are presented to the government. The new recommendations presented have considered different holes that have been identified from the previous mishaps in corporate governance. The Hample report, Cadbury report and Higgs report were presented based on the modernisation of the corporate governance spirit (Boreiko and Murgia 2016). Different factors involved in this new method of calculation of directors remuneration are also given in the approach. Corporate social responsibility, social welfare improvement in pension fund regulations and other rules regarding corporate governance needs to be adopted. Shareholders reports, trustees role, responsibilities, and information that need to be presented in the report and other aspects of the company should be transparent accor ding the new approach. The impact of the new approach helps in combining the codes in UK Companys directors and institutional investors relationship. Pro activism of the shareholding governance is also considered in the matter. Critical discussion in the differences among the approaches used in UK and US corporate governance The separation in the ownership and control was incorporated as an essential policy in the new approach. The companies, which was in major need of improvement learnt from the scandals that plagued the noted companies as discussed above. This also affected the economy of those countries immensely. The scandals also involved major theft in some cases. Different reports on the failure issues were presented in the federal government of USA, they presented the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 in USA after the report was submitted, Higgs report in January 2001, and Smiths Report was presented in UK around that time (Al-Najjar and Abed 2014). Lack of solid foundations in UK government officials lead the investors to believe that they can earn huge profits and this helped them earning profit after investing in technological stocks. This was a good incident that happened in the late 1990s (Akinteye et al. 2015). The unlimited liability of the investors implied that the policies were not effective regarding investments. The Limited Liability act 1855 helped the company to rip off all the shareholders to earn profits that was due for the shareholders(Al-Najjar and Abed 2014). There have been significant influences of the collapse of Giant Corporation like Enron and WorldCom, which made it necessary to redefine the possible changes in the governance structures. The Hampel Report 1998 presented in the Britain is a successor of the Cadbury report. The report is based on the regulation of directors remunerations. This also summarizes the best practises of the UK companies. The UK companies defined separate rules in their report of governance. The common rules for directors fiduciary duties, Companies act and documents 1985 and listing rules in UK are different than the US regulations, that includes the SOX act 2002 (Honor et al. 2015). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 is detailed regulation listed for the companies in US and is very different from the rules of comply and explain in UK (Al-Najjar and Abed 2014). The US regulations depend on the fines, penalties and imprisonment for violating the requirements of SOX act. The securities act 2004 consists of audit, in vestigations and community requirements of the companies in UK (Armstrong et al. 2015). The committee has greater power in this regard. However, the establishments of the PCAOB (Public Company Accounting Oversight Board) have the ultimate power regarding all the auditors and US security law (Bushee et al. 2013) in the country. The provisions stated in the states regulation in SOX, that there must be mandatory rotations in the audit partners but the restrictions in non-audit services. The external auditors can provide only the non-audit services. However, in US the auditors or the audit partners of the company can provide the audit and non-audit services (Bain and Band 2016). The CEO and CFOs of the company must regularly certify the reports to help the company mitigate the penalties of false credit citations or engaging in criminal activities (Zalata and Robert 2016). However, in UK the directors report must contain the statement of the directors regarding relevancy of the audit inf ormation or false information given in the report. It is criminal offense for the company to make a false statement. The US legislations contain the prohibition act effective on insider trading during the pension fund scandal that happened in the country. The board does not specify it but the companies must go by the pension part 5 of the criminal justice act 1993 or Market Abuse Regime (Elmagrhi et al. 2017). However, the rules of management report and internal audit attested that the management report given in US SOC and SEC and adoption of codes of ethics is essential but it does not have any equivalent rules in UK regulations. In UK, it is expected that the companies will maintain the minimum ethics as a matter of fact (Carberry et al. 2017). Issues in the approaches as well as the benefits For a company it is essential to incorporate corporate governance in the operations of the business. Both of the discussed regulations, SOX in US and Smith, Higgs, Cadbury, Greenburg report in UK and other reports has very important part in the corporate governance (Tricker and Tricker, 2015). The separation in the roles of CEO, CFO, chairman and board of directors have provided the companies with an advantage of taking different perspectives and thus form different viewpoints. The codes of corporate governance and ethics in other companies are strictly maintained after the scandals of the companies discussed above. The main issue in modern approach of corporate governance is, it does not identify consistency and significance in the relationships between performance of the firm and executives remuneration (Elmagrhi et al. 2017). The monitoring and the evaluation system is also given lesser emphasis in the acts that needs to be implemented. The Cadbury Act in UK does not consider the accounting standard changes that are modified after the commencements of the report (Denis 2016). The share repurchase from the shareholders are also an issue in corporate governance approach, which should be considered. These issues have been highlighted in this framework. Conclusion The constant update of the corporate governance ethics and codes of practice along methodical review of corporate governance structures are necessary to avoid downfall of companies like Enron in the future. The concept of corporate governance deals with the changes in the approach of the top level management along with the effective implementation of human resource in the company. The approach to use the penalties, fines and restrictions in case of illegal activities and breach of any contract is effective. 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